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In organic chemistry it is important to learn about stereochemistry and how to identify isomers. Stereochemistry is the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules. The synthesis of chiral compounds is based on Stereochemistry. This is important skills used in custom synthesis and in the study of stereochemical problems across the entire range of organic, inorganic, biological, physical and supramolecular chemistries.

One of the common types of isomers is cis-trans isomer:

R₁- HC = CH – R₂

Common types of stereoisomers include:

• Atropisomers
• Cis-trans isomers
• Conformational isomers
• Diastereomers
• Enantiomers
• Rotamers

Most of the chemical reactions used in chemistry fit in the following types of chemical reactions:

1)  synthesis : Pb + O₂ → PbO₂
2)  double displacement : AgNO₃  +  NaCl  →  AgCl  +  NaNO₃
3)  combustion : C₃H₈ + 5O₂  → 3CO₂ + 4 H₂O + Energy
4)  single displacement : Mg _(S)  +  2HCl _(aq) →  Mg Cl_{2 (aq)}   +  H_{2 (g)} 
5)  Oxidation reaction: 2 Na + Cl₂  →  2 NaCl  
6)  acid-base: H₂SO_{4 (aq)}  + 2NaOH _(aq)   →  Na₂SO_{4 (aq)}    + H₂O_{(l )} 
7)  decomposition: Na₂CO₃ → Na₂O + CO₂

In Organic Chemistry we have a large number of specific types of reactions such as alkylation, esterification, carboxylation, halogenation, Hydrolysis, Cycliszation, aromatization…etc.

Functional groups in organic chemistry are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine the outcome of each of the chemical reactions a molecule undergoes. They are sort of fingerprint or characteristics that are used to classify organic chemistry compounds. For example, carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are known to posses all, a carbonyl group (C=O). This group is responsible of several similarities in the chemical reactivity of these families of organic compounds. Aromatic compounds are known for possessing at least one aromatic ring. It is sort of a big help to organic chemist and whoever wants to master organic synthesis to learn as much organic chemistry functional groups as possible. Fortunately alkanes family are used as the root for naming organic chemistry compounds with different functional groups. This is true for simple organic compounds but it gets more complicated when there is more than one type of functional groups. Thus, combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates a powerful systematic nomenclature for naming organic compounds . Also, functional groups the key points to studying spectroscopy such as infra-red spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy.

List of common types of functional groups in organic chemistry:

ALCOHOLS: R-OH

ETHERS: R-O-R’

ALDEHYDES: R-CHO

KETONES: R-CO-R’

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: R-COOH

ESTERS: R-COOR’

AMINES: R-NR’R”

AMIDES: R-CO-NR’R”.